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We also show that choosing the top hit randomly when multiple, equally strong mappings are available increases overall sensitivity at the expense of taxonomic resolution. However, when reference species were replaced with phylogenetic neighbors, similarity begins to play a larger role in detection. We found that constraining alignment length had more impact on sensitivity than does constraining similarity in all cases tested. The selected aligner was tested across a range of parameters to maximize sensitivity while maintaining a low false positive rate. All aligners report nearly complete genome coverage (>97%) for strains with over 6X depth of coverage, however they differ in speed, memory requirement and ease of use issues such as database size limitations and supported mapping strategies. Six next-generation aligners were used to align a community of known composition against a database comprising reference organisms known to be present in that community. The alignment strategy for characterizing these metagenomic communities using available reference sequence is important to the success of HMP data analysis. To accomplish this, the HMP generated two types of shotgun data: reference shotgun sequences isolated from different anatomical sites on the human body and shotgun metagenomic sequences from the microbial communities of each site. 47 refs.The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) aims to characterize the microbial communities of 18 body sites from healthy individuals. The Human Genome Project's goal is to have defined, by 1995, policy options and programs capable of addressing these needs.

CLC SEQUENCE VIEWER EINSTEIN UNIVERSITY PROFESSIONAL

These projects address four major areas of need: (1) the need for both client-centered assessments of new genetic services and for improved knowledge of the psychosocial and ethnocultural factors that shape clients' clinical genetic experiences (2) the need for clear professional policies regarding human-subject research, clinical more » practical standards, and public health goals in human genetics (3) the need for social policy protection against unfair access to and use of personal genetic information (4) the need for improved public and professional understanding and discussion of these issues. Since 1990, approximately $10 million has been awarded by the National Institutes of Health and the DOE, in support of 65 research, education, and public discussion projects. This essay reviews the efforts of the US Human Genome Project to anticipate and address the ethical, legal, and social implications of new advances in human genetics. The ''Human Genome Project: Science, Law, and Social Change in the 21st Century'' initially was designed as a forum for 300-500 physicians, lawyers, consumers, ethicists, and scientists to explore the impact of new genetic technologies and prepare for the challenges ahead.

The primary goal of the Whitehead/ASLME Policy Symposium was more » to provide a bridge between the research community and professionals, who were just beginning to grasp the potential impact of new genetic technologies on their fields. In the US and Europe, we have seen widespread discussions about genetic discrimination in health insurance privacy issues raised by the proliferation of DNA data banks the challenge of interpreting new DNA diagnostic tests changing definitions of what it means to be healthy and the science and ethics of cloning animals and human beings. The public already senses the revolutionary nature of genomic knowledge. Advances in the biomedical sciences, especially in human genomics, will dramatically influence law, medicine, public health, and many other sectors of our society in the decades ahead.

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